RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS

OTHER PROJECT ACTIVITIES

RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS

• Electricity generation by the user: Renewable energy (RE) generation units that supply individual households or users with a small amount of electricity – where households and users are not connected to the grid. Units can include solar power, hydropower, wind power, and other technologies that produce electricity all of which is used on-site. RE generating units may be new or replace existing fossil fuel fired generation. Activities that seek to retrofit or modify an existing facility for RE generation are eligible, as well as the addition of RE generation units at an existing RE power generation facility. Capacity of renewable energy generators not to exceed 15 MW. Total output of modified or retrofitted units not to exceed 15 MW. High prospects where RE sources are available
  

• Mechanical energy for the user: Renewable energy generation units that supply individual households or users with mechanical energy. Hydropower, wind power and other technologies that provide mechanical energy to be used on site, for example wind-powered pumps, solar water pumps, water mills and windmill. Generation capacity must be less than 15 MW. If generation capacity is not specified, the estimated diesel-based electricity generating capacity must be less than 15 MW. High potential especially in isolated/rural community.Solar water pumps and wind powered pumps,
  

• Thermal energy for the user: Renewable energy technologies that supply individual households or users with thermal energy that displaces fossil fuels. Includes solar thermal water heaters, dryers, solar cookers, energy derived from renewable biomass for water heating, space heating or drying, other technologies that provide thermal energy that displaces fossil fuel.Generation capacity must be less than 15MW. For co-generation systems and/or co-fired systems to qualify, energy output shall not exceed 45 MW thermal. High prospects in tourism industry. Use of waste to energy technologies such as direct combustion, gasification and pyrolysis for drying and heating
  

• Grid- connected renewable electricity generation: Renewable energy generation units that supply electricity to and/or displace electricity from an electricity distribution system that is or would have been supplied by at least one fossil fuel fired generation unit. Include photovoltaic, hydropower, tidal/wave, wind, geothermal and renewable biomass. Where additional units are added to an existing project, capacity should be lower than 15MW and be physically distinct from existing units. Where a unit has renewable and non-renewable components (e.g., wind/diesel), a 15MW limitation applies only to the renewable component. High prospects for PICs – solar PV and wind mills. There are still some technical constraints (storage) need to be addressed .
  

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS

• Supply side energy efficiency improvements - transmission and distribution: Technologies to improve the energy efficiency of an electricity or district heating transmission and distribution system. For example, upgrading the voltage on a transmission line, or replacing a transformer. Can be applied to existing or be part of transmission or distribution systems. A total saving of up to 60GWhe per year in fuel input. Examples: Power Utilities in all PICs
  

• Supply side energy efficiency improvements - generation: Technologies to improve the efficiency of fossil fuel generating units that supply an electricity or thermal system by reducing energy or fuel consumption. Efficiency improvements can be at stations or part of a new facility. A total saving of 60 GWhe is equivalent to maximal saving of 180 GWhth in the fuel input to the generating unit. E.g Power Utilities in all PICs
  

• Demand-side energy efficiency programmes for specific technologies: Programmes that encourage the adoption of energy-efficient equipment, lamps, ballasts, refrigerators, motors, fans, air conditioners, appliances, etc at many sites. These technologies may replace existing equipment or be installed at new sites. Aggregate energy savings by a single project may not exceed the equivalent of 60 GWh per year. High potential for all PICs.
  

• Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for industrial facilities: Any energy efficiency measure and fuel switching measure implemented at a single industrial facility. Examples include efficient motors, fuel switching from steam or compressed air to electricity, and efficiency measures for specific industrial processes (such as steel furnaces, paper drying, tobacco curing,etc.)Aggregate energy savings by a single project may not exceed the equivalent of 60 GWh per year. More relevant to industrial facilities.
  

• Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for building: Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures implemented at a single building. It may replace existing equipment or be installed in new facilities. Include technical energy efficiency measures (such as efficient appliances, better insulation and optimal arrangement of equipment) and fuel switching (such as switching from oil to gas). Aggregate energy savings by a single project may not exceed the equivalent of 60 GWh per year. High potential in new housing developments/ - offices, resorts etc. Energy Auditing may be a pre-requisite to this project activity for monitoring purposes and showing additionality – that reductions of carbon emissions would not occur if not registered as CDM.
  

• Energy efficiency and fuel switching for agricultural facilities and activities: Any energy efficiency and/or fuel switching measure implemented in agricultural activities of facilities or processes. Energy-efficient practices include efficiency measures for specific agricultural processes (such as less irrigation, etc.) and measures leading to a reduced requirement of farm power per unit area of land, reflected in less and smaller tractors, longer lifetime of tractors and less farm equipment. Measures may be a replacement of existing equipment or equipment installed in a new facility.Aggregate energy savings by a single project may not exceed the equivalent of 60 GWh per year. High potential in agricultural sectors
  

OTHER PROJECT ACTIVITIES

• Switching fossil fuels: Fossil fuel switching in existing industrial, residential, commercial, and institutional or electricity generation applications. (If fuel switching is part of a project activity focussed on energy efficiency, the project activity falls in category II.D or II.E). Measures limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to 60 kt C02 equivalent annually.Fossil fuel switching –example from coal to diesel or oil to gas.
  

• Low-greenhouse gas emitting vehicles Emission reductions by low-greenhouse gas emitting vehicles, e.g., electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles. Measures limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to 60kt CO2 equivalent annually.Switching from fossil fuels to LPG use in vehicles.
  

• Methane recovery in agricultural and agro industrial activities: Methane recovery from manure and wastes from agricultural and agro-industrial activities, by: (1) installing methane recovery and combustion systems to an existing source of methane emissions; or (2) changing the management practice of a biogenic waste or raw material in order to achieve the controlled anaerobic digestion equipped with methane recovery and combustion system. Measures limited to projects that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to 60kt CO2 equivalent annually. Examples :In cattle farms and piggery for commercial and household/domestic uses.
  

• Avoidance of methane production from biomass decay through controlled combustion: Measures that avoid the production of methane from biomass or other organic matter that would have otherwise been left to decay anaerobically in a solid waste disposal site without methane recovery. Decay is prevented through controlled combustion. Measures limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to 60kt CO2 equivalent annually. ' 'Examples: Gasification or combustion of bio-forestry wastes to produce heat and power.''
  

• Avoidance of methane production from biomass decay through composting: Measures to avoid the production of methane from biomass or organic matter that would have otherwise been left to decay anaerobically in a solid waste disposal site without methane recovery. Decay is prevented through aerobic treatment by composting and proper soil application of the compost. Measures limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to 60kt CO2 equivalent annually. Examples : Applicable in composting toilets in rural and isolated areas where there is no connection to the sewer.
  

• Landfill methane recovery: Technologies to capture and combust methane from landfills used for disposal of residues from human activities, including municipal, industrial and other solid wastes containing biodegradable organic matter. If the recovered methane is used for electricity generation the project can use a corresponding methodology under Type I project activities. Measures limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to 60kt CO2 equivalent annually.High prospects in existing Landfills with proper technologies to capture methane.
  

• Methane recovery in wastewater treatment: Measures that recover methane from biogenic organic matter in wastewaters through a variety of methods. Involves technologies with methane recovery and/or combustion in a aerobic and/or anaerobic sludge treatment e.g., septic tank, lagoon or on site industrial plant.Measures limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to 60kt CO2 equivalent annually. High potential for septic tanks of individual households and sewerage treatment plants.
  

• Avoidance of methane production in wastewater treatment through a replacement of anaerobic lagoons by aerobic systems. Measures that avoid the production of methane from biogenic organic matter in wastewaters being treated in anaerobic lagoons. Measures are limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to 60kt CO2 equivalent annually. High potentials in wastewater treatment plants.
  

AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION

• Small scale afforestation and reforestation: Measures that increase above-ground and/or below ground biomass, increasing carbon stocks within the project boundary. Displacement of households or activities due to project activities cannot exceed 50%.